Decoder. plain-English AI glossary

Policy gradient

● Core

Also called Policy Gradient Methods

A way to train by nudging the model to make rewarded actions more likely and penalized ones less likely.

Think of it like

Training a dog with treats — reward the behaviors you want and they happen more; ignore the ones you do not.

Example

During RLHF, a policy-gradient update pushes up the probability of responses the reward model liked and pushes down the ones it disliked.

How it actually works

Policy-gradient methods directly optimize the model (the policy) by estimating how changing an action's probability affects expected reward, then stepping in that direction. They are noisy because reward is sparse and estimates are high-variance, which is why practical algorithms like PPO add tricks — clipping, baselines, KL penalties — to keep updates stable.

For product teams

The learning machinery underneath reinforcement-learning fine-tuning like RLHF.

For engineers

Optimize expected reward by ascending the gradient of log-prob weighted by advantage; high variance, stabilized by PPO-style methods.

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