Decoder. plain-English AI glossary

Optical Flow

● Core

Estimating the direction and speed of motion for each pixel - where objects are moving between consecutive frames.

Think of it like

Watching a stream: the water flows in certain directions. You trace how each droplet moves.

Example

Two consecutive video frames: optical flow shows where each part of a moving car or person went.

How it actually works

Classic method: Lucas-Kanade (local patches, assumes constant motion), Horn-Schunck (global smoothness). Modern: deep learning - FlowNet, RAFT train end-to-end on synthetic (FlyingChairs) or real data (Sintel, KITTI). Challenges: occlusion, lighting changes, large displacements, reflective surfaces. Used in video compression, action recognition, video interpolation, and autonomous driving.

For product teams

Enables video understanding, compression, and autonomous driving.

For engineers

Benchmark: Sintel (artistic), KITTI (real-world). Metric: end-point error (EPE), average angular error. Models: RAFT, FlowNet2, PWCNet.

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