Decoder. plain-English AI glossary

Knowledge distillation

● Core

Distillation done by matching the teacher’s full confidence spread, not just its final answers.

Think of it like

Like learning from a mentor who not only gives the answer but tells you how sure they were about each option — the near-misses teach you too.

Example

A student trains on the teacher’s soft probabilities (“80% cat, 15% dog, 5% fox”), absorbing nuance a hard “cat” label would hide.

How it actually works

Classic knowledge distillation, from Hinton and colleagues, trains the student on the teacher’s softened output distribution rather than one-hot labels. Those “soft targets” carry dark knowledge — the relative likelihoods across wrong answers — which conveys more than a single correct label. This lets small models learn faster and generalize better than training on hard labels alone.

For product teams

The technique behind small models that punch above their weight; the teacher’s uncertainty is part of the lesson.

For engineers

Train the student on the teacher’s soft (temperature-scaled) output distribution; soft targets carry extra signal.

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